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Сотрудничество стран

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Икона и орел ("The International Herald Tribune", США)
"В стратегическом плане США и Россия необходимы друг другу"

http://www.inosmi.ru/media/docs/07/03/21/233528.jpg
Генри Киссинджер (Henry A. Kissinger), 21 марта 2007

Tuesday, March 20, 2007

В отношениях между Россией и США сложилась весьма двусмысленная ситуация. Президент Владимир Путин осуждает политику и действия США, а его министр иностранных дел подтверждает заинтересованность России в партнерстве с Америкой. Вашингтон, в свою очередь, пытается заручиться помощью России в борьбе с распространением оружия массового поражения, и одновременно проводит в соседних с Россией странах политику, которую Москва и многие россияне воспринимают как явно провокационную.

При этом обеим странам угрожает радикальный ислам; сотрудничество между всеми ядерными державами мира крайне необходимо; а ряд новых глобальных проблем - например, связанных с экологией в целом и климатическими изменениями в частности - может быть решен лишь усилиями всего мирового сообщества.
Учитывая, насколько взаимосвязаны национальные интересы двух стран, ни одна из них не может ни желать, ни позволить себе новую 'холодную войну'.

Нынешняя ситуация сложилась при двух президентах, вступивших в должность почти одновременно, и столь же синхронно покидающих свой пост. Примечательно, что личные отношения между ними остаются куда более конструктивными, чем отношения межгосударственные. Поскольку личное доверие между лидерами влияет и на политический курс, у обоих президентов есть возможность за оставшееся до ухода с должности время преодолеть некоторые из противоречий, ослабляющих базу для долгосрочного российско-американского сотрудничества.

Нынешнее охлаждение вызвано обоюдными претензиями: американская сторона недовольна нынешними внутриполитическими тенденциями в России, разочарована проволочками, которые она устраивает в вопросе об иранской ядерной программе, и возражает против резких шагов Москвы в отношениях с получившими независимость регионами бывшей Российской империи.

У российской стороны, в свою очередь, возникло ощущение, что Америка не считается с Москвой, требует, чтобы россияне учитывали трудности, с которыми сталкивается Вашингтон, но не желает замечать проблем, стоящих перед Россией, провоцирует кризисы без должных консультаций с российскими партнерами и недопустимым образом вмешивается во внутренние дела страны.

Упреки каждой из сторон в определенной степени обоснованы, однако урегулирование разногласий затрудняет главным образом их совершенно различный исторический опыт.

В 19 веке в обеих странах происходил на первый взгляд один и тот же процесс, требовавший от них немалых усилий и энергии - присоединение соседних слабозаселенных территорий.

Однако здесь имелось одно существенное различие. Движущей силой американской экспансии были отдельные люди, покинувшие историческую родину ради лучшего будущего. Российские же пионеры прибывали на покоренные земли в обозах наступающих армий, а коренное население этих территорий включалось в состав империи. Практически все города на юге Украины, не говоря уже о Санкт-Петербурге, возникли по воле царей, принудительно переселявших тысячи поселенцев в недавно присоединенные регионы.

Обширность территории и возможность ее дальнейшего расширения породили в обеих странах ощущение собственной исключительности, непохожести на других. Однако американская 'исключительность' основывалась на возможности самореализации индивида, а российская - на мистическом представлении об особой миссии страны. Американская исключительность породила, в общем, изоляционистскую внешнюю политику, время от времени прерывавшуюся нравственно-идеологическими 'крестовыми походами'. Российская исключительность выражалась в расширении территории военными средствами. За период от Петра Великого до Михаила Горбачева Россия из славянского русского 'ядра' продвинулась до Центральной Европы, Тихоокеанского побережья и Средней Азии.

До второй мировой войны Россия и Америка лишь изредка взаимодействовали по вопросам глобального масштаба.

Америка чувствовала себя в безопасности за естественными барьерами двух океанов - по крайней мере до появления у СССР межконтинентальных ракет или даже до терактов 11 сентября. Россия, чьи границы, особенно на Западе, не защищены географически, постоянно ощущала угрозу извне.

Америка отождествляла стабильность и мир с распространением собственных политических ценностей и институтов, Россия - с созданием 'зоны безопасности' на прилегающих территориях. Чем больше народов присоединялось к российской империи, тем уязвимее казались ее границы российским лидерам - в конечном итоге экспансия стала основополагающей чертой империи.

Этими различиями объясняются психологические корни нынешней напряженности в двусторонних отношениях. Если Америка восприняла распад СССР как торжество демократических ценностей, то для большинства россиян - даже тех, кому не нравился советский строй - крушение империи стало жестоким ударом по национальной идентичности.

Американцы считают, что в 1990-х гг. Россия переживала период реформ и прогресса. Для большинства россиян, однако, это годы унижений, коррупции и упадка государственности. Многие американцы критикуют Путина за возврат к авторитаризму. Однако его сторонники могут возразить: наиболее актуальной задачей для России является восстановление ее позиций на международной арене. Это мнение, по данным независимых социологических опросов, разделяет и большинство населения страны.

Путин считает, что его политика следует традициям Петра Великого и Екатерины II, превративших Россию в великую державу. Их самовластие выходило даже за рамки абсолютизма 18 века, но эти монархи воспринимали себя как реформаторов, ведущих отсталую страну и ее упрямое население в современность.

В процессе восстановления традиционного международного статуса России Америка во многом является для нее оптимальным партнером. Азия не станет для нее главным внешнеполитическим направлением - отчасти потому, что Китай не стремится к всеобъемлющему партнерству с Москвой. Россию и Европу объединяют традиционные связи, однако последняя, по крайней мере на нынешней стадии интеграции, не желает брать на себя риски, необходимые для того, чтобы одолеть радикальных джихадистов и 'кнутом и пряником' препятствовать распространению ядерного оружия.

В стратегическом плане США и Россия необходимы друг другу. Тем не менее, для построения новых, конструктивных отношений между двумя странами им нужно скорректировать свои традиционные подходы: американцам - тенденцию учить все страны мира 'уму разуму', а россиянам - предрасположенность к жестким силовым методам во внешней политике.

Будучи крупнейшими ядерными державами мира, США и Россия несут особую ответственность за нераспространение этого оружия. И здесь ключевое значение имеет 'иранский вопрос'. Торг относительно тактики Совета Безопасности ООН пора уже завершить. Или, может быть, Россия стремится занять в Иране некое 'особое положение' - если да, то с какой целью? Или она по-иному оценивает срок, в течение которого Иран может превратиться в ядерную державу?

В психологическом плане самый 'чувствительный' аспект отношений Вашингтона с Москвой связан с регионом, который в России называют 'ближним зарубежьем': новыми независимыми государствами, ранее входившими в состав Российской империи. Многие россияне с трудом воспринимают их как полностью 'иностранные' государства, и бурно реагируют на любые действия США, которые кажутся им вмешательством в исторически сложившуюся ситуацию.

В этом вопросе обеим сторонам необходимо проявлять сдержанность. В свое время я решительно поддержал расширение НАТО до нынешних пределов, но его дальнейшее продвижение на восток, на мой взгляд, может быть оправдано только в случае самой серьезной провокации. В то же время, России следует понять, что Америка не может не считать подлинную независимость этих стран, например, Украины и Грузии, важным элементом мирного международного устройства.

Еще один важный вопрос заключается в следующем: насколько внутриполитическая эволюция в России должна отражаться на ее отношениях с США? Российские лидеры должны понять: настроения американской общественности определяются историей страны в такой же степени, как и взгляды россиян. В своих суждениях о других странах Америка всегда будет до определенной степени руководствоваться таким критерием, как соблюдение прав человека.

Однако, прежде чем переходить от действий правозащитных организаций к прямому давлению со стороны официальных властей, следует учитывать и более сложные факторы. Ситуация в России неизбежно представляет собой амальгаму самовластных традиций прошлого и новых возможностей, порожденных крушением идеологизированного коммунистического строя.

Из 'кирпичей' политического прошлого России нельзя в короткий срок построить демократическую систему западного типа; для этого необходимы новые подходы. Путинская Россия по сути представляет собой переходный синтез, порожденный взаимовлиянием 'закрытой' советской системы и требований эпохи глобализации. Этот синтез сочетает элементы традиционного авторитарного российского государства, централизованного и бюрократического, с новыми возможностями, открывающимися благодаря сотрудничеству с объединяющейся Европой и дружественной Америкой.

В настоящее время в стране превалируют авторитарные, централизаторские тенденции, хотя есть немало оснований утверждать, что их влияние сегодня меньше, чем в любой период российской истории.

Разумная цель политики США должна состоять в создании максимальных стимулов для эволюции России в сторону большего соответствия демократическим нормам. Но главные факторы, обусловливающие такую эволюцию, могут носить только внутриполитический характер. Чересчур рьяные попытки повлиять на политическое развитие России, скорее всего будут способствовать лишь укреплению авторитарных тенденций.

С учетом вышесказанного, устранение нынешних разногласий между Россией и Соединенными Штатами, а затем и переход к активному сотрудничеству будет самым существенным образом способствовать миру, прогрессу и стабильности на международной арене.

Генри Киссинджер - глава консалтинговой фирмы Kissinger & Associates

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Маргелов: отставка Блэра не повлечет изменений в отношениях с Россией
10/05/2007 16:32

МОСКВА, 10 мая - РИА Новости. Отставка британского премьера Тони Блэра, о которой было объявлено в четверг, не приведет к резким изменениям в российско-британских отношениях, уверен председатель комитета Совета Федерации по международным делам Михаил Маргелов.

"С США Великобританию связывают особые отношения, а с Россией - общие международные проблемы и экономическое сотрудничество, иначе говоря, те факторы, на которые характер личности нового британского премьера сильного влияния оказать не сможет", - сказал сенатор РИА Новости.

Говоря о причинах решения британского премьера уйти в отставку, Маргелов сказал, что, безусловно, одна из них - это Ирак, военную операцию против которого в свое время поддержал Блэр.

"Иракская проблема, безусловно, сыграла свою роль в добровольной отставке британского премьера Тони Блэра", - заявил сенатор.

Военная операция в Ираке была начата США под предлогом наличия там оружия массового уничтожения, которое в этой стране так и не было обнаружено.

Маргелов напомнил, что в США проблема войны в Ираке привела к поражению республиканцев на промежуточных выборах, к давлению на президента Джорджа Буша, даже к появлению в политической риторике угрожающего слова "импичмент". Что касается Блэра, то, указал Маргелов, плацдармом для критиков его политики 2003-го года стал проводимый им проамериканский курс. К этому добавились коррупционные скандалы, поражения лейбористов на выборах, невыполненные обязательства во внутренней политике, отметил он. "Прошлым летом лишь треть избирателей страны высказали Блэру доверие, а ведь он - пока единственный в истории Великобритании премьер, который трижды подряд побеждал на выборах", - напомнил Маргелов.

При этом сенатор подчеркнул, что даже "явные" успехи британского премьера, в частности урегулирование проблем Северной Ирландии, не спасли его от необходимости покинуть как пост главы кабинета министров, так и лидера лейбористской партии Великобритании.

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Timeline of Russian-American Relations
18-20th Centuries

1540  A manuscript by Maksim the Greek written during the Moscow period of his life contains the first reference in old Russian to the existence of the New World. 
1584  "The Chronicle of the Whole World" (The Belskiy Chronicle), where the name "America" is first mentioned, is translated into Russian. 
1698  The first officially documented meeting of American and Russian political figures - Peter the Great and William Penn - takes place in London. 
1725  Preparations begin for the First Kamchatka expedition by Vitus Bering to discover whether Asia and America connect. In August 1728, the expedition reaches the latitude of 67° N and confirms the existence of a strait dividing the continents. 
1732
July 23  The expedition of Russian seafarers M. Gvozdev and I. Fedorov begins - the first Russian expedition to reach the north-western coast of America. Asian and American shores of the Bering Strait are drawn on a map for the first time. 
1733  V. Bering and A.I. Chirikov preparations begin for the second Kamchatka expedition. In the summer of 1741 the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and north-western coast of America are explored. The Aleutian Islands, Alaska, the Aleksandr Archipelago are discovered. 
1750
November 25  "The Sankt-Peterburg Vedomosti" publishes for the first time in Russia the geography and the history of North America and its inhabitants. 
1763 May  Americans visit Russia for the first time on the first direct Trans-Atlantic freight voyage of "The Wolfe" (owner Nicholas Boylston). 
1763  Russian seafarer S. Glotov discovers Kadjak Island. 
1764  P.K. Krenitsyn heads the first secret Russian government-sponsored expedition to explore the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. 
1764  V.Ya. Chichagov heads a secret expedition initiated by M.V. Lomonosov to discover sea routes from Arkhangelsk to America via the Arctic Ocean. 
1765
February  American scientist Ezra Stiles sends a letter through Benjamin Franklin to M.V. Lomonosov, an act which marks the first contact in the field of science between American and Russian scientists. 
1766
June 6  Benjamin Franklin sends a letter to Russian scientist Franz Epinus appraising his treatise on the theory of electricity and magnetism thereby establishing a foundation for the exchange of applied science between Russian and American scientists. 
1773
January 15  First Russian scientist-academician T.I. von Klingshtadt is elected to the American Philosophical Society. 
1775
September 23  September 23 is the date of the letter of Russian Empress Yekaterina the Great written to British King George III, denying him military assistance to defeat the insurgents in the British American colonies. 
1775  Russian trader and seafarer G.I. Shelikhov organizes a trip of Russian merchant ships to the Kuril and Aleutian Islands. 
1777  Russian educator and traveler F.V. Karzhavin, one of the first Russians to visit America, begins his lengthy extensive travels in America. 
1780
February 28  Russia proclaims Declaration on Armed Neutrality. 
1781
August  American diplomat Francis Dana arrives in Russia to establish diplomatic relations between the United States and Russia. 
1782  Russian physicist Leonard Eyler becomes the first Russian member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 
1783
June 1  The first U.S. merchant ship arrives in Russia 
1783
August 16  G.I. Shelikhov and I.I. Golikov begins expedition to the north-western shores of America. 
1784
June 21  G.I. Shelikhov reaches Kadjak Island and creates a hunting base. In1786 a Russian settlement is established. 
1785  Russian seafarers and explorers I.I. Billings and G.A. Sarychev begin ten-year expedition. They explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and reach the Aleutian Islands and American shores. 
1787
Summer  One of the first Americans, traveler John Ledyard, arrives in St. Petersburg, travels through out Russia, including Siberia, for two years. 
1787  Russian merchants find the North-Eastern American Company. 
1788
April  U.S. Navy Captain John Paul Jones, a heroic naval commander during the American Revolution, arrives in St. Petersburg to be commissioned a Rear Admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy." 
1788  Russian seafarer G.L. Pribylov discovers a group of islands to the north of the Aleutian Islands, which are named after him - the Pribylov Islands. 
1789
September 17  President of the Russian Academy of Arts and Sciences Duchess E.R. Dashkova is elected as an honorary member to the American Philosophical Society. 
1789
November 2  Benjamin Franklin becomes the first American elected member of the Russian Academy of Arts and Sciences 
1790  Russian merchant A.A. Baranov becomes the first formal ruler of Russian America. 
1792
Fall  D.D. Golitsyn, the first Russian emigrant, arrives in the United States to settle in America permanently. 
1794  The Holy Synod sends a Russian Orthodox Church Mission to Kadjak Island. 
1796  Russian ruler of Russian America A.A. Baranov builds a fort and a settlement at Yakutat Bay. 
1797  Russian merchants find the American United Company. 
1799
July 8  By decree Russian Emperor Pavel I finds the Russian American Company. 
1799
Summer  Russian ruler of Russian America A.A. Bararnov establishes the Mikhaylovskiy Fort on the Sitka Island. 
1800  Second American census registers the first reference to a Russian settled on American territory. 
1803
Summer  Seafarers and scientists I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyanskiy begins the first round-the-world Russian expedition and visits Russian America. 
1803
October 19  The first U.S. Consul Levett (Levitt) Harris arrives in St. Petersburg and assumes official duties. 
1803  The ruler of Russian America A.A. Baranov organizes first Russian expedition to Californian headed by Russian seafarer and merchant I.A. Kuskov. 
1804
June  Regular correspondence is established between Russian Emperor Aleksandr I and U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. Correspondence begins after Jefferson sends the Emperor in 1802 a list of publications on the U.S. Constitution with a personal letter. 
1804
August  American seafarer John D'Wolf begins his five-year travels through Russia on board the "Yunon" schooner and in the summer of 1805 reaches Sitka Island. 
1804
Fall  The Russian ruler of Russian America A.A. Baranov builds a fort and a settlement called Novoarkhangelsk on Sitka Island. It becomes the capital of Russian America in 1808. 
1806
February 25  Russian Navy officer and merchant N.P. Rezanov sails toward the western coast of North America reaching San Francisco Bay on board the "Yunon" schooner (purchased from John D'Wolf and commanded by N.A. Khvostov). The "Avos," a schooner commanded by G.I. Davydov, accompanies the "Yunon." 
1806  First direct route of Russian merchant ships loaded with Russian goods organized by Russian merchant K.A. Anfilatov begins. 
1807
August-December  Diplomatic relations between the United States and Russia are officially established through an exchange of reports and messages between Russian Envoy in London M.M. Alopeus and Russian Foreign Minister A.Ya. Budberg, on one side, and American Envoys in London James Monroe and William Pinkney and U.S. Secretary of State James Madison, on the other. 
1808
June  A.Ya. Dashkov is appointed as the first Russian Consul and Charge d'Affairs in the United States. In August 1811, he becomes Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Russia to the U.S. 
1808  American entrepreneur John Astor finds the American Fur Company. 
1809
October 24  The first official diplomatic representative of the United States, John Quincy Adams, arrives in Russia. 
1812
April 20  Russian American Company and the American Fur Company sign four-year trade convention. 
1812
May  Russian merchant and seafarer I.A. Kuskov establishes Fort Rose in California 
1821
September 16 and 25  Russian Emperor Aleksandr I issues a decree declaring the territory in the north-western part of the United States up to 51° latitude to the south under the jurisdiction of the Russian American Company and establishing the Company's sole monopoly on hunting, fishing and trading in the region. Foreign ships are banned from coming closer than 100 Italian miles to the coasts of Russian America. 
1823
December 2  The Proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine. 
1824
April 5  The Convention on Trade, Navigation and Fishing is signed in St. Petersburg by the United States and Russia. The border is officially established for the first time between the two countries. 
1832
December 6  The Treaty on Trade and Navigation is signed between the North American States and Russia. The most favored nations status is established in bilateral trade between the two countries. 
1832  The first Russian novel "Ivan Vyzhigin" by F.V. Bulgarin is published in the United States. 
1841
September  Russian Consul in San Francisco P.S. Kostromitinov signs an agreement, by whose terms Fort Rose (California) is to be sold to an American - John Sutter. 
1850  Fort Rose ceases to exist as a Russian colony after California enters the Union. 
1852
Fall  American-Russian Trade Company is founded. 
1854
June  The Russian American Company and the American-Russian Trade Company sign a commercial contract for 20 years. 
1854
July 10  The United States and Russia sign a convention on Maritime Neutrality in Washington. 
1854  American volunteer doctors arrive in Russia to provide assistance in the Crimean War. 
1855  American astronomer E.D. White visits Russia as the first American scientist on the invitation of the Pulkov Observatory. 
1856  Russian historian and author A.B. Lakier travels through out the United States. 
1856  Smithsonian Institution and St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences exchange book collections for the first time. 
1863
September  Two Russian Navy expeditions visit the United States: Admiral S.S. Lesovskiy's Navy Squadron anchors in New York Harbor and Admiral A.A. Popov's in San Francisco Bay. 
1865  American traveler George Kennan visits Russia for the first time, during which and during consequent visits spends considerable time in Siberia and writes about the lives of Russian convicts. 
1866
July 16  American Navy expedition under the command of Captain Gustavus Vasa Fox arrives in Kronshtadt for a courtesy visit. 
1866
December 16  A "special conference" held in St. Petersburg under the chairmanship of Emperor Aleksandr II authorizes the cession of Russian possessions in North American to the United States. 
1867
March 18  The United States and Russia sign the Convention of 1867 on the cession of Alaska to the United States in Washington. 
1867
August  American Navy Squadron commanded by Admiral David Farragut visits Russia. 
1867
August  The first organized American tourist group, which included Mark Twain, visits Russia. 
1867
October 18  Official transfer of Alaska to the United States. 
1871
November 18  A Russian Navy squadron arrives in the United States. The son of Emperor Aleksandr II, Grand Duke Aleksey Aleksandrovich, coming for the first time to the United States, is among the crew of the flagship "Svetlana." 
1877
January-May  The son of Emperor Aleksandr II Grand Duke Alexey Aleksandrovich visits the United States for the second time. 
1878
July-August  Ex-President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant and his wife visit Russia. 
1887
March 16  The United States and Russia sign the Convention on Mutual Extradition of Criminals in Washington. 
1891
December 4  The Russian government accepts assistance from the United States as famine spreads across Russia. 
1893
May 1  World's Fair opens in Chicago where Russia has its own pavilion. U.S. President Grover Cleveland visits the Fair. Opening of the Fair coincides with the visit of a Russian Navy Squadron to the United States.

Отредактировано SweetTash (2007-06-30 01:13:51)

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1905
September 5  Peace Treaty concluding the Russo-Japanese War is signed in Portsmouth, N.H., with President Theodore Roosevelt's active involvement. 
1906  U.S. Library of Congress purchases the Yudin Collection, a famous private book collection of Russian merchant G.V. Yudin. The Collection makes up the basis of the Library's Russian book fund. 
1911
December 21  Joint session of the U.S. Congress adopts a resolution denouncing the 1832 American-Russian Trade and Navigation Treaty in connection with the "passport conflict." 
1912  Future U.S. President Herbert Hoover and British businessman Leslie Urquhart find the Russian-Asiatic Society. The Society receives substantial concessions in Russia. 
1917
March 9  The United States recognizes and establishes diplomatic relations with the Russian Provisional Government. 
1917
March 24  AFL President Samuel Gompers sends a message to Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet N.S. Chkheidze, congratulating him on the establishment of the Russian Provisional Government. 
1917
March 25  A mass public meeting celebrating the victory of the February (March) Revolution in Russia is held in New York. 
1917 April  The Russian Provisional Government sends an extraordinary diplomatic mission headed by B.A.  Bakhmetiev to New York with the task of conducting negotiations on obtaining a loan from the U.S. Government to purchase U.S. agricultural machinery. In June 1917, the mission becomes the Embassy of the Provisional Government in the United States. 
1917
May 16  The first U.S. loan is granted to the Russian Provisional Government. 
1917
June  The first group of repatriated Russian Americans voluntarily return to Russia after the revolutionary events of 1917 to work in industry and agriculture. 
1917
November 24  U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing assures the Ambassador of the Russian Provisional Government to the United States B.A. Bakhmetiev that the U.S. Government will continue to recognize him as the sole official representative of Russia. 
1917
November  A diplomatic note signed by General W. Judson, U.S. Military Attaché in Russia, is sent to the government of Soviet Russia informing it that U.S. military assistance to Russia has been discontinued. 
1917
December  The Vladivostok Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Party of Bolsheviks (RSDRP) sends an "agitation" ship "The Shilka" to Seattle to spread propaganda among American workers. 
1918
January 8  U.S. President Woodrow Wilson delivers a message to Congress containing his Peace program - the Fourteen Points, whose sixth point concerns Russia directly. 
1918
January 29  Conference of the Plenipotentiaries of New Russia on the Purchases in the United States (the first informal body representing commercial and economic interests of Soviet Russia in the United States) is held. 
1918
March 11  U.S. President Woodrow Wilson sends a message to the 4th Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets defining relations of the government and the people of the United States towards the people of Russia. 
1918
May 14  To the head of the American Red Cross Mission in Russia R. Robins, V.I. Lenin sends a personal letter and an America-Russia bilateral economic development plan, drafted by the Foreign Trade Commission of the All-Russian Council of the Peoples Economy. 
1918
June 11  American military intervention in northern Russia begins (American troops land in Murmansk and Archangelsk). 
1918
August 19  American military intervention in Siberia and the Far East begins (American Expeditionary Corps land in Vladivostok). 
1918
August  V.I. Lenin's sends "Letter to the American Workers" in response to a message sent from a workers' rally held in Seattle. 
1919
January-March  L.K. Martens is appointed the official representative of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic in the United States. The Unofficial Trade and Economic Mission of Soviet Russia headed by Martens is opened in New York. 
1919
March 9-16  An international mission headed by U.S. diplomat William Bullitt arrives in Russia. With U.S. President W. Wilson's and British Prime Minister D. Lloyd George's consent, the mission is tasked with exploring the posibilities and conditions of stopping military action in Russia. 
1919
May  The Society for Technical Assistance to Russia is established in the United States with the main goal of assisting American technicians and workers desiring to go to Russia. 
1919
October 5  V.I. Lenin responds to questions posed by a Chicago "Daily News" correspondent and stresses, among other things: "We are definitely for economic accord with America and all other countries, but especially with America." 
1919
December  The American Commercial Association to Promote Trade with Russia is established as a U.S. non-governmental organization for the U.S. business community. 
1920
July 8  The U.S. State Department permits the export of American goods to Russia under the condition that the trade with Soviet Russians is carried out by private businessmen at their own risk and without support of the U.S. Government. 
1920
December 23  In connection with the decision of the U.S. Government to expel L.K. Martens from the United States, the Soviet Foreign Ministry annuls all American private commercial contracts. 
1921
January  First agricultural commune of Russian-Americans is founded in Russia. 
1921
March 3  The Soviet Communist Party and government decide to lease the Moscow Auto Works (AMO) to Americans, who came to Russia under the auspices of the Society for Technical Assistance to Russia. 
1921
March 22  The Soviet government sends an appeal to U.S. President W. Harding proposing to normalize business relations between the two countries. U.S. Secretary of State Charles Hughes responds on March 25 by citing Soviet Russia's guarantees to protect private property rights as a condition of American-Russian trade. 
1921
May  Postal service interrupted after October 1917 is restored between the United States and Soviet Russia. 
1921
July 28  Russian author Maksim Gorkiy sends a letter to Herbert Hoover, Director of the American Relief Administration (ARA), requesting humanitarian assistance to the starving population of Russia. 
1921
August 20  The American Relief Administration and the Soviet government sign an agreement on assistance to starving and ill Russians inhabiting the Volga Region and other parts of Russia. 
September 30  Russian-American Trade and Industrial Corporation, a commercial company with mixed joint-stock capital, becomes the first large corporation organized by an American labor union with the Soviet government. 
1921
December  U.S. Congress passes a resolution authorizing assistance to the starving population of Russia. 
1921  Armand Hammer becomes the first American industrialist to sign a concession agreement with Soviet Russia (Alapaevsk asbesto mines in the Urals). 
1921  The Allied American Corporation (Alamerico), an export-import company, is established. 
1921  The Autunomous Industrial Colony in Kuzbass (AIC), an industrial-communal organization of American workers, is founded in Siberia. 
1920s  M.L. Wilson, Edward Stirnman, Leonard Fletcher, John MacDonald, J. Brownly Davidson advise the Soviet government on technologies needed to modernize Soviet agriculture. 
1922-1923  Director of the All-Union Institute for Agricultural Economics Aleksandr V. Chayanov visits the United States to study organization of agricultural production. 
1922
June 22  Russia's Council for Labor and Defense adopts a decision on "American industrial emigration." 
1923
December  The Mission of the All-Russian Textile Syndicate (ARTS) opens in New York to promote American cotton to the Russian textile industry. 
1924
May 27  Soviet-American joint-stock society AMTORG is organized in the United States to promote American-Soviet trade. 
1924  James Rosenberg establishes the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee to provide agricultural assistance to Jews in the USSR. 
1928
August 27  Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war as an instrument of national policy is signed in Paris. USSR signs the pact on September 6, 1928. 
1929
May 31  An agreement on the construction of Auto Works in Nizhniy Novgorod by Henry Ford is signed. 
1933
October 10  U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sends a message to Chairman of the USSR Central Executive Committee M.I. Kalinin proposing to establish diplomatic relations between the United States and the USSR. 
1933
October 17  Chairman of the USSR Central Executive Committee M.I. Kalinin sends a message to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt with the aim of establishing diplomatic relations between the United States and the USSR. 
1933
November 15  U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt and Soviet Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs M.M. Litvinov sign a Joint Official Announcement on finance negotiations in Washington. 
1933
November 16  U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt and Soviet Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs M.M. Litvinov exchange notes to establish diplomatic relations between the United States and the USSR. 
1933
November 16  U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt and Soviet Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs M.M. Litvinov exchange letters, which deal with legal rights of citizens, propaganda, religion and justice. 
1933
November 17  William Bullitt is appointed as first U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union. 
1933
November 20  Aleksandr A. Troyanovskiy is appointed first Soviet Ambassador to the United States. 
1935
July 13  U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union William Bullitt and Soviet Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs M.M. Litvinov exchange diplomatic notes and conclude the first U.S.-USSR Trade Agreement. 
1937 Soviet writers Ilya Ilf (Ilya Faynzilberg) and Yevgeniy Petrov (Yevgeniy Katayev) publish a book about their several-month motor tour of the United States, "One-Storey America", which becomes most Soviet citizens' primary source of information about everyday life in America. 
1937
January 7  The United States and USSR exchange letters to settle debt claims and claims for nationalized property. 
1937
June 18-20  Soviet aviators V.P. Chkalov, G.F. Baidukov and A.V. Belyakov complete the first non-stop from Moscow to the United States through the North Pole. 
1937
July  Soviet aviators M.M. Gromov, A.B. Yumashev and S.A. Danilin complete the second non-stop flight from Moscow to the United States through the North Pole. 
1937
July 28 - August 1  First visit of friendship of the U.S. Navy to the USSR. 
1937
August 4  The Agreement on Trade Relations between the United States and USSR is reached by the exchange of diplomatic notes. Each side grants each other favored bilateral trade status. 
1939
February 25  The United States and the USSR sign an postal parcel agreement in Washington. 
1939  Leo Tolstoy's daughter, Alexandra L. Tolstaya, establishes the philanthropic organization Tolstoy Foundation in the United States. 
1941
March 11  U.S. Congress adopts the Lend-Lease Act. 
1941
June 22  The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against Hitler's Germany begins. On June 23, U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt announces the readiness of the United States to provide assistance to the Soviet Union in its fight against fascism. 
1941
July 30-31  First visit to Moscow of Henry Hopkins as U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt's envoy to conduct negotiations with Soviet leaders. 
1941
August  Mission headed by Special Envoy of U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt Averell Harriman arrives in the USSR. 
1941
September 24  The USSR joins the Anglo-American Atlantic Charter (signed by F.D. Roosevelt and W. Churchill on August 14, 1941) at the Allied Conference in London. 
1941
September 29 - October 1  Foreign Ministers of the USSR, United States and Great Britain hold a conference in Moscow. Military-economic assistance in the war with Germany is on the agenda. 
1941
October 28  U.S. President F. Roosevelt signs a decree extending the Lend-Lease Act to include the Soviet Union. The Soviet government receives an official notice of the decision on October 30. 
1942
January 1  Representatives of four great powers - the USSR, the United States, Great Britain and China - and of 22 other countries sign the United Nations Declaration pledging to mobilize all available military and economic resources to use against Axis countries and agreeing not to make separate terms of peace, thus announcing the creation of the Anti-Hitler coalition. 
1942
June 11  Agreement between the Governments of the United States and the USSR on principles of mutual assistance in the war against aggression is signed in Washington. 
1942
June 12  Soviet-American and Soviet-British Communiques on opening the Second Front in Europe in 1942 are released. 
1942
August 12-18  Soviet-British negotiations with the participation of the envoy of the U.S. President are held in Moscow. On August 12, Winston Churchill officially informs the Soviet government about the refusal of the United States and Great Britain to open in 1942 the Second Front in Europe. 
1942
September 3  Delivery of American warplanes to Russia under the Lend-Lease Act begins along the Alaska-Siberia airway. 
1942  "Soviet Encyclopedia" State Scientific Institute prepares first publication in Russian of the book "The United States of America." 
1942  The Manhattan Project, the atomic bomb program, is initiated in the United States. 
1943
October 19-30  Foreign Ministers of the United States, Great Britain and the USSR confer in Moscow on a declaration on post-war international peace and security. 
1943
November 28 - December 1  The Tehran Conference of the Big Three: Fraklin D. Roselvelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin; Declaration of the Three Powers. 
1943  National Council for the American-Soviet Friendship is established in the United States. 
1944
June 6  The Second Front against Nazi Germany is opened on the European continent after American, Canadian and British forces land in Normandy (north-western part of France). 
1945
February 4-11  The Big Three - leaders of the United States, Great Britain and USSR: Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin - convene at the Crimean Conference in Yalta (USSR). 
1945
February 11  The governments of the United States and USSR sign an agreement on prisoners of war and civilians liberated by American and Soviet troops at the Crimean Conference. 
1945
March  Western Allies make an attempt to reach a separate peace agreement with Germany. The episode remains in history as the "Berne Incident." 
1945
April  The United States publishes the first issue of the illustrated magazine "America" in Russian for distribution in the Soviet Union, which discontinues in 1993. Later, U.S. and Russian non-governmental organizations and agencies renew the publication. 
1945
April 25  Units of the 5th Soviet Army and 1st U.S. Army meet on the Elba River at Torgau. 
1945
April 25 - June 26  The founders of the United Nations meet at San Francisco and adopt the UN Charter. 
1945
May 26 - June 6  Personal envoy of President Harry Truman, Harry Hopkins, visits the USSR for the second time. 
1945
July 16  American A-bomb is tested for the first time at Alamogordo (New Mexico). 
1945
July 17 - August 2  The Big Three - Truman, Churchill (after July 28 - Attley) and Stalin - meet at the Berlin Conference at Potsdam to discuss post-war cooperation and policies toward Germany. 
1945
August  General Dwight Eisenhower visits the USSR as an official guest of Soviet Marshall Georgiy Zhukov. 
1945
October 15  The governments of the United States and the USSR sign an agreement on the use of delivered Lend-Lease supplies or in the process of being purchased. 
1946
March 5  British Prime-Minister W. Churchill delivers a speech in Fulton (Missouri), which marks the formal start of the Cold War. 
1946
May 24  The United States and the USSR sign an agreement to establish commercial radio-teletype communication line channels in Moscow.
1946
June 14  The United States submits a plan to establish international control over atomic energy to the UN Atomic Energy Commission.
1946
June 19  The USSR submits its plan to establish international control over atomic energy to the UN Atomic Energy Commission.
1946
September 27  Soviet Ambassador to the United States N.V. Novikov sends to Soviet Foreign Minister V.M. Molotov the so-called "long telegram" containing an analysis of U.S. foreign policy in the post-war period.

Отредактировано SweetTash (2007-06-30 01:13:12)

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1947
February 17  First Russian broadcast of the "Voice of America."
1947
July 2  The Soviet Union refuses to participate in the Marshall Plan citing the reason as its incompatibility with national interests and sovereignty of European countries.
1947
July  The monthly periodical "Foreign Affairs" publishes an anonymous article signed by the single letter "X" (later attributed to George F. Kennan, a noted American diplomat and political scientist), containing the foreign policy containment doctrine originally formulated in a secret "long telegram" of George Kennan to the U.S. State Department (February 1946).
1947
December 16  U.S. Congress adopts an act excluding the Soviet Union from the list of foreign countries entitled to receive still undelivered American lend-lease supplies.
1948
March  U.S. Department of Commerce introduces trade limitations with the USSR.
1949
September 27  The United States and the USSR sign an agreement on the return to the United States three icebreakers and 27 frigates delivered to the Soviet Union by the U.S. Navy as stipulated in the lend-lease program.
1951
July 7 and August 6  U.S. President Harry Truman and Soviet Chairman of the Supreme Soviet N. Shvernik exchange messages on Soviet-American relations.
1955
February  Lauren Soth, editorial writer for the Des Moines Register, suggests a delegation of Soviets should come to Iowa. CPSU First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev reads a translation of the editorial and orders that a delegation be sent to Iowa. Soth's editorial later wins a Pulitzer Prize for its impact on international relations.
1955
Summer  Twelve American agriculturalists visit the USSR and a Soviet delegation led by Deputy Minister of Agriculture Vladimir Matskevich visits the U.S. During his forty-day visit to the U.S., Matskevich spends a day with Roswell Garst looking at hybrid seed corn production.
1955
July 21  U.S. President D. Eisenhower formulates the Open Skies principle during the U.S.-British-French-USSR summit of U.S., British, French and Soviet leaders.
1956
January 25  The Soviet government proposes to the U.S. Government to sign a 20-year friendship and cooperation treaty. The proposal is turned down.
1956
February  First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev makes public the idea of peaceful coexistence for the first time.
1956
The illustrated Soviet monthly periodical in English "Soviet Life" begins to be published in the United States while the illustrated American monthly in Russian "America" resumes its publication in the Soviet Union under an agreement signed by the two governments in December 1955.
1957
July 11  First Pugwash Conference with the participation of prominent scholars, political and public figures from many countries opens in Pugwash (Canada) under the initiative of American industrialist Syrus Eaton.
1958
January 27  Special Assistant to U.S. Secretary of State William Sterling Lacy and Soviet Ambassador to the United States G.N. Zarubin sign first Agreement between the United States and the USSR on Exchanges in the fields of science, technology, education, culture and other fields in Washington.
1958
October 31  Negotiations on the test ban of nuclear weapons begin in Geneva with the participation of U.S., British and Soviet representatives.
1959
June-July  Soviet Exposition of Achievements in Science, Technology and Culture opens in New York, and the American National Exhibition opens in Moscow's Sokolniki Park. The famous "kitchen debate" took place at the American National Exhibition in Moscow between U.S. Vice-President Richard Nixon and Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev.
1959
September 15-27  Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev visits the United States to attend the current session of the UN General Assembly and meets with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower at Camp David near Washington.
1959
October 13  UN General Assembly approves a Soviet-American joint draft resolution on the peaceful exploration of outer space.
1960
May 1  American military intelligence U-2 plane violates Soviet air space and is destroyed by a Soviet rocket in the vicinity of Sverdlovsk. The incident causes a major international scandal.
1960
May 16  The Paris Summit meeting opens with the participation of leaders from the United States, Great Britain, France and the USSR, but is cancelled the next day after U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower refuses to apologize for the violation of Soviet air space by an American spy plane.
1960
October 29-November 4  First Dartmouth meeting of the American and Soviet political, academic and cultural leaders opens in Hanover, New Jursey.
1961
June 3-4  U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev meet in Vienna (Austria) to discuss bilateral relations and the international situation.
1961
December 20  UN General Assembly approves a U.S.-USSR joint draft resolution on principles for negotiating disarmament.
1962
October  Cuban Missile Crisis seriously complicates international situation and brings the world to the brink of a nuclear war.
1963
June 20  The United States and the USSR sign a memorandum to establish a "hot line" between Washington and Moscow.
1964
May 23  U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his policy of "bridge-building" to ease international tensions.
1964
June 1  The governments of the United States and the USSR sign Consular Convention in Moscow.
1964
December 14  Agreement between the United States and the USSR on Fishing in the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean is signed in Washington.
1966
November 4  The governments of the United States and the USSR sign an agreement on air routes in Washington.
1967
January  U.S.-Soviet "Apollo-Soyuz" outer space experiment starts.
1967
June 23-25  Soviet Prime-Minister Alexey N. Kosygin and U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson hold meetings at Glasboro, New Jersey.
1967
December 20  Institute for U.S. Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences is founded in Moscow (since 1971 - Institute for United States and Canada Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences; since 1991 - Institute for United States and Canada Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences).
1969
November 17  U.S.-USSR negotiations on the limitation of strategic offensive weapons start in Helsinki, Finland.
1970
January  Monthly magazine USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology begins to be published in the USSR (since 1999 - USA-Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture).
1971
September 30  In Washington was signed:
An Agreement on Measures to Improve Direct Communications between the United States and the USSR;
An Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War between the United States and the USSR. 
1972
April 11  On April 11 is signed a Bilateral Exchanges and Cooperation Agreement in the Fields of Science, Technology, Culture, Education between the United States and the USSR. 
1972
May 22-30  U.S. President Richard Nixon officially visits the Soviet Union - the first official visit of a U.S. President to Moscow. Richard Nixon meets General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, during which are signed:
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the United States and the USSR (ABM Treaty);
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 1) Interim Agreement;
Memorandum of Mutual Understanding between the United States and the USSR;
Enviromental Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Medical Science Health Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR (extended in 1977);
Non-Military Exploitation of Space and Technology Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR (extended in 1977);
Incidents at Sea Agreement between the United States and the USSR. 
1972
October 18  In Washington are signed:
Trade Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Agreement on the Disposition of Lend-Lease Supplies in Inventory or Procurement in the United States between the United States and the USSR;
Agreement Concerning Financial Cooperation between the United States and the USSR. 
1972
U.S. organization Congress of Russian Americans is founded in the United States.
1973
April  Non-alcoholic beverages produced by the Pepsico, Inc. enter the Soviet market.
1973
May  Chase Manhattan Bank opens as the first branch of an American bank in Moscow on Soviet territory.
1973
June 18-25  Leonid Brezhnev officially visits the United States and meets with U.S. President Richard Nixon. The following agreements are signed:
Fundamental principles of negotiation of further strategic arms limitation;
Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Maritime Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Grain Sale Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Transportation Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
General Agreement between the United States and the USSR (for the period until December 31, 1979);
Tax Issue Convention between the United States and the USSR;
Scientific-Technical Cooperation Agreement in the Field of Peaceful Exploitation of Atomic Energy between the United States and the USSR (extended to 1988);
Agreement to form a US-USSR Joint Commission on Agricultural Cooperation. Cooperation Protocol on Expanding and Improving Conditions for Commercial Activities in Moscow and Washington between the United States and the USSR. 
1973
June 23  Soviet Consulate-General opens in San Francisco.
1973
July 6  U.S. Consulate-General opens in Leningrad.
1973
October 30  Soviet-American negotiations on mutual reduction of armed forces in Central Europe begin in Vienna, Austria.
1974
February 12  American-Soviet Trade and Economic Council (ASTEC) is founded.
1974
June 27-July 3  U.S. President Richard Nixon visits the USSR and meets with Leonid Brezhnev, during which are signed:
Long-Term Economic, Industrial, and Technical Aid Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Agreement on Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests between the United States and the USSR and a Protocol attached to it; Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the United States and the USSR (ABM Treaty);
A Protocol to an Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the United States and the USSR from May 26, 1972 (ABM Treaty);
Energy Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Housing and Construction Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Scientific Research and Development of Artificial Hearts Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR. 
1974
November 23-24  U.S. President Gerald Ford and Soviet leader L. Brezhnev meet in Vladivostok and confirm their intention to conclude a new SALT agreement.
1974
December 20  U.S. Congress adopts the Trade Act incorporating the Jackson-Vanik Amendment, which revokes the USSR's status as the most favored trade nation - a condition contingent on Soviet government's change in emigration policy.
1975
July 17  Soyuz-Apollo spaceships meet in outer space.
1975
July 30 and August 2  U.S. President G. Ford and Soviet leader L. Brezhnev meet in Helsinki, Finland, to discuss common interests.
1975
September  The United States and the USSR sign a grain agreement
1976  The National 4-H Council and the Department of State negotiate an agreement with the Soviet Union on exchange of farm youth, the Young Agricultural Specialist Exchange Program 
1976
May 28  The U.S.-Soviet Treaty on Underground Nuclear Tests for Peaceful Purposes is signed in Washington and Moscow.
1977
October 2  American-Soviet statement on Middle East is released.
1978
January 16  Artificial satellites establish a new system of direct inter-governmental communication between the United States and the USSR.
1978
February 6  U.S. and Soviet delegations begin working-level meetings in Geneva, Switzerland, on banning new WMD (weapons of mass destruction) types and systems, including radiological weapons.
1978
June 8-16  American-Soviet consultations in Helsinki, Finland, begin to restrict activities directed against objects in space and incompatible with peace.
1978
December 14  An exchange of notes conclude a U.S.-Soviet Agreement on diplomatic privileges and immunities.
1978
December 22  Soviet leader L. Brezhnev sends to U.S. President Jimmy Carter a message on the normalization of the U.S.-Chinese relations.
1979
January 23  American-Soviet negotiations on anti-satellite systems begin in Berne, Switzerland.
1979
June 15-18  Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and U.S. President Jimmy Carter meet in Vienna, Austria, during which are signed:
SALT-2 Treaty between the United States and the USSR and a Protocol attached to it;
Joint Statement on Principles and Guidelines for Future SALT-2 Negotiations;
and other documents. 
1980
January 4  U.S. President J. Carter announces his Administration's decision to postpone consideration and ratification by the U.S. Senate of the SALT-2 Treaty because of Soviet policy towards Afghanistan. Among other punitive measures announced by the U.S. President include the postponement of the opening of new U.S. and Soviet consulates, banning and restricting exports of certain U.S. goods to the USSR, including agricultural products (on January 8 an embargo on the U.S. exports of agricultural goods to the USSR was introduced), discontinuation of all scientific-technological or cultural exchanges between the two countries.
1980
April 12  U.S. National Olympic Committee decides not to send a U.S. team to the 1980 Olympic games to be held in Moscow, USSR.
1980
August 6  The Carter Administration announces a new nuclear strategy as formulated in the Presidential directive #59.
1981
April 24  U.S. President Ronald Reagan cancels the export embargo of American agricultural goods to the USSR.
1981
August 6  U.S. President R. Reagan orders full-scale production of neutron weapons.
1981
November 30  U.S.-Soviet negotiations on limiting nuclear weapons in Europe begin in Geneva, Switzerland.
1981
December 28  U.S. President R. Reagan announces his decision to introduce sanctions against the Soviet Union in connection with events in Poland: banning Aeroflot flights to the United States; postponement of certain negotiations; harder terms in licensing sales of certain technical equipment to the USSR; and refusal to prolong bilateral agreements expiring in 1981.
1982
March 16  Soviet leader L. Brezhnev announces the Soviet government's decision to introduce unilaterally a moratorium to deploy medium-range nuclear weapons in the European part of the USSR.
1982
June19  U.S. President R. Reagan prolongs and extends a 1981 ban on exports to the USSR of oil and gas equipment as well as equipment produced by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies and equipment produced by foreign companies under U.S. licenses.
1982
June 29  American-Soviet negotiations on limitation and reduction of strategic arms begin in Geneva, Switzerland.
1982
November 13  U.S. President R. Reagan announces cancellation of sanctions against the Soviet Union involving bans on the export of oil and gas equipment.
1983
March 23  U.S. President R. Reagan announces his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program.
1983
September 8  U.S. President introduces sanctions against the Soviet Union in connection with the incident involving a Korean civilian airliner, which violated Soviet airspace and was consequently shot down in the Sakhalin Region. As of September 15, Aeroflot branches in Washington and New York were closed and all American aviation commercial contacts with Aeroflot were banned.
1983
November 25  Soviet leader Y. Andropov announces that in response to American deployment of middle-range Pershing-2 and cruise missiles in Europe, the USSR does not consider it possible to continue to participate in the reduction of nuclear arms in Europe negotiations and cancels the moratorium on Soviet medium range nuclear missile deployment in the European part of the USSR.
1984
May 8  The USSR Olympic Committee announces its refusal to allow Soviet athletes to participate in the Olympic Games in Los Angeles in reaction to the U.S. Administration's intention to use the Games to obtain political goals and its refusal to guarantee the security of those athletes.
1984
June 30  The Government of the USSR releases a statement containing a proposal to the U.S. Government to start negotiations to prevent the militarization of outer space.
1984
July 17  U.S. State Department and the Soviet Embassy in Washington exchange notes to establish a fax communications line in addition to the existing direct telegraph lines that connect the United States and the USSR.
1985
March 12  First round of American-Soviet negotiations on nuclear and outer space weapons opens in Geneva, Switzerland.
1985
April 8  Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev proposes that the United States and the USSR introduce a moratorium on creation, including research work, testing and deployment of outer space weapons, as well as a strategic offensive weapons freeze, for the entire period of negotiations on nuclear and outer space weapons. Along with these measures he proposes that American deployment of middle range missiles in Europe and similar Soviet activities be discontinued.
1985
April 8  Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev announces a moratorium on Soviet deployment of middle range missiles for the period from April 7 to November 1985 and discontinuance of other responsive measures in Europe.
1985
April 12  U.S. President Ronald Reagan denounces the Soviet moratorium on the deployment of middle range missiles in Europe as a move motivated by propaganda.
1985
May 1  New rules by the U.S. Department of Commerce increasing restrictions of U.S. exports to the USSR enter into force.
1985
July 30  Soviet leader M. Gorbachev announces unilateral Soviet moratorium on nuclear explosions for the period from August 6, 1985 to January 1, 1986, provided the United States on their part, also refrain from conducting nuclear tests.
1985
August 5  U.S. President R. Reagan rejects a Soviet proposal to declare a bilateral nuclear test moratorium.
1985
November 19-21  U.S. President R. Reagan and Soviet leader M. Gorbachev meet in Geneva and sign a bilateral scientific and cultural exchanges agreement.
1986
January 1  R. Reagan and M. Gorbachev, acting with mutual consent, make appearances on television to deliver New Year's remarks to the Soviet and U.S. public respectively.
1986
January 15  Soviet leader M. Gorbachev announces his step-by-step reduction program of nuclear weapons by 2000 and extends the unilateral Soviet moratorium on nuclear tests for three months.
1986
April 29  Regular air traffic between the United States and the USSR, suspended by a decision of the U.S. Administration of December 1981, is mutually restored.
1986
May 14  Soviet leader M. Gorbachev announces the Soviet Government's decision to prolong its unilateral moratorium on nuclear tests until August 6, 1986.
1986
August 18  Soviet Government's decision to prolong its moratorium on nuclear tests until January 1, 1987 is announced.
1986
August  Thirteen working documents relating to the Program of Cooperation and Exchanges between the United States and USSR in 1986-1988 are signed.
1986
October 11-12  U.S. President R. Reagan and Soviet leader M. Gorbachev meet in Reykjavik, Iceland.
1987
January 14  First round of the American-Soviet negotiations on establishing centers on reducing nuclear dangers in the world is held in Geneva, Switzerland.
1987
February 20  A Cooperation Agreement is signed in Washington between the Chief Directorate of Archives, USSR Council of Ministers, and the U.S. Council of Learned Societies. It is the first document to regulate the countries' archive systems.
1987
April 15  U.S.-Soviet Agreement on Research and Exploitation of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes is signed in Moscow.
1987
August  A group of U.S. military inspectors is present at military maneuvers on the territory of Belarus for the first time.
1987
September 15  U.S.-Soviet Agreement to Establish Centers on Reducing Nuclear Threat and two Protocol amendments are signed in Washington. 
1987
November 9  First round of full-scale American-Soviet negotiations on reduction and eventual discontinuation of nuclear tests begins.
1987
December 7-10  U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Washington and sign the U.S.-USSR Treaty on the Liquidation of Middle- and Short-Range Missiles as well as other related bilateral documents. 
1987
December 27  "Time" magazine chooses Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev "The Man of the Year."
1988
April 14  Protocol to the long-term U.S.-Soviet Agreement on Economic, Industrial and Technological Cooperation is signed in Moscow. Joint U.S.-Soviet statement on further development of American-Soviet trade and economic relations is also released.
1988
May 12  An exchange of notes concludes an Agreement between the governments of the United States and the USSR on applying the Treaty on Middle- and Short-Range Missiles to middle-range and short-range missiles, which can be used as carriers of weapons based on existing or future technologies.
1988
May 29-June 2  U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Michail Gorbachev meet in Moscow, during which are signed:
Agreement on Notifications of Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles and Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile Launches between the United States and the USSR;
Cooperation and Exchange Program between the United States and the USSR for 1989-1991;
Incidents at Sea Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Transport Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Fisheries Agreement between the United States and the USSR. 
1988
December 7  U.S. President Reagan, U.S. President-Elect George H.W. Bush, and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet on Governors Island, New York City.
1988
December 10  The U.S. Government sends to the Soviet Union a special aircraft to render assistance to the people of Armenia - specifically, to victims of an earthquake. The assistance is the first instance of official U.S. assistance since the Second World War.
1989
March 30  A general trade agreement is signed between the Soviet Foreign Trade Consortium and the U.S. Trade Consortium. The agreement is to regulate economic, legal, financial and other activities of the two consortiums and their joint enterprises established on Soviet territory.
1989
May 29  First meeting of U.S. and Soviet sister cities is held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Seattle is Tashkent's sister city. 
1989
June 12  U.S.-Soviet Agreement on Prevention of Dangerous Military Activities is signed in Moscow.
1989
September 9-17  Peoples Deputy Boris Yeltsin pays an unofficial visit to the United States and is received by U.S. President George H.W. Bush.
1989
September 23  At Jackson Hole, Wyoming are signed:
Agreement of Reciprocal Notification of Large Strategic Exercises between the United States and the USSR;
Memorandum of Understanding to Control and Exchange Information with Regards to Chemical Weapons between the United States and the USSR;
Agreement of Verification and Stabilizing Measures Principles between the United States and the USSR;
Agreement on a Regional Commission on the Bering Straits between the United States and the USSR. 
1989
November 15  UN General Assembly adopts a jointly submitted U.S.-Soviet Resolution on the Consolidation of the International Peace, Security and Cooperation in all its aspects in accordance with the UN Charter - the first initiative submitted by the United States and the USSR for consideration by the United Nations.
1989
December 2-3  U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Soviet leader Michael Gorbachev meet on board the Soviet ship "Maxim Gorky" and hold a press conference - the first press conference held jointly by American and Soviet leaders.
1989
December 24  U.S. "Time" magazine selects Soviet leader M. Gorbachev as the "Man of the Decade."
1990
May 30-June 5  Soviet leader M. Gorbachev pays an official visit to the United States, during which M. Gorbachev meets with George Bush on several occasions. On June 3 a joint press conference is held for both leaders. During the meetings are signed:
Agreement between the United States and the USSR on Liquidation and Non-Production of Chemical Weapons and Measures in Accordance with the Chemical Weapons Convention;
Trade Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Aerial Communication Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Grain Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Maritime Boundary Agreement between the United States and the USSR (Northern Pacific and in the Arctic Ocean);
Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Oceans Exploration Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Agreement to Expand University Student Exchanges between the United States and the USSR;
Customs Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the USSR;
Agreement to Establish Cultural-Information Centers in Washington and Moscow between the United States and the USSR;
And likewise several Protocols;
Protocol to the Treaty on Prohibiting Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests between the United States and the USSR from July 3, 1974;
Protocol to the Treaty on Prohibiting Peaceful Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests between the United States and the USSR from May 28, 1976;
Also the following were adopted:
Soviet-American Joint Statement on Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy;
Soviet-American Joint Statement on Technical and Economic Cooperation;
Joint Statement by the Presidents of the United States and the USSR Regarding the ICBM Treaty;
Joint Statement by the Presidents of the United States and the USSR Regarding Future Negotiations on Nuclear and Space Weapons and Further Strengthening of Strategic Stability;
Joint Statement by the Presidents of the United States and the USSR on Vienna Negotiations for Conventional Arms in Europe;
Joint Statement by the Presidents of the United States and the USSR on Establishing a Soviet-American International Park in the Bering Straits "Beringiya";
Joint Statement by the Presidents of the United States and the USSR on Non-proliferation of Nuclear and Chemical Weapons, and Missiles, Capable of Carrying Arms and Other Missile Types and Technology.

0

6

1990
June 3  "Operation USA-USSR" is established during a high level meeting in Washington. It is a program which sends Soviet and American doctors to developing countries to provide joint medical aid.
1990
July 9  U.S. Administration permits the launching of U.S. satellites with the help of Soviet rocket-carriers. The Soviet side takes responsibility for supplying the carriers and technical personnel.
1990
August 2  A new regular Aeroflot airline route connecting Leningrad with New York is put into service.
1990
September 9  Soviet leader M. Gorbachev and U.S. President G.H.W. Bush meet in Helsinki, Finland.
1990
September 15-19  Former President of the United States Ronald Reagan and Mrs. Reagan visit the Soviet Union at the invitation of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.
1990
October 1  First direct TV conference between the United States and USSR is held in New York.
1990
October 4  U.S. Secretary of State James Baker and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze sign a joint Declaration on the Responsibility for Peace and Security in the Changing World.
1990
December 30  U.S. President G.H.W. Bush signs an Executive Order on granting $1 billion in credits guaranteed by the U.S. Government for Soviet purchases in the United States of food and other agricultural products. The Order formally suspended enforcement towards the Soviet Union of the Jackson-Vanick Amendment of the Trade Act of 1974.
1991
April 28  Soviet airliner IL-62 lands in Miami (Florida) international airport opening the first regular air route between Miami and Moscow. 
1991
May 12  Two last Soviet middle-range RSD-10 missiles are destroyed on the testing grounds of Kapustin Yar near Volgograd, marking the completion of the agreements between the United States and the USSR on the liquidation of all middle- and short-range missiles.
1991
June 2  U.S. President G.H.W. Bush announces his decision to suspend for another six months enforcement of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment.
1991
June 17  Alaska Airlines opens a new direct air route between Anchorage, Alaska and the Soviet Far East.
1991
June 18-20  Boris Yeltsin, then-President of the Russian Republic, visits the United States and is received by U.S. President G.H.W. Bush.
1991
July 29-August 1  U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Moscow. The following agreements are signed:
START I Treaty between the United States and the USSR;
Protocol on START I Treaty Inspections and Continuous Monitoring Activities;
Memorandum of Understanding and Cooperation between the United States and the USSR on Preventing Accidents, Natural Disasters and Liquidation of Their Effects;
Agreement of Urgent Medical Supplies and Aid;
Protocol of Consulting and Technical Economic Cooperation;
Memorandum of Understanding and Cooperation on Civil Aviation Safety;
Memorandum of Understanding and Cooperation on Housing and Economic Development. 
1991
August 19  U.S. President G.H.W. Bush issues a written declaration, denouncing the introduction of a state of emergency in the Soviet Union.
1991
September  At the request of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, President Bush sends a team led by Under Secretary of Agriculture Richard T. Crowder to examine the food situation in the Soviet Union.
1991
October  Secretary of Agriculture Edward R. Madigan leads a second delegation to the Soviet Union to examine the food situation. RSFSR Minister of Agriculture Gennadiy V. Kulik requests delivery of humanitarian food aid.
1991
September 6  NBC TV organizes a TV bridge through which Soviet President M. Gorbachev and President of the Russian Republic B. Yeltsin answer questions posed by Americans from New York, Miami, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco.
1991
October 30  U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Madrid, Spain, where the United States and the USSR participate in a Peace Conference on the Middle East.
1991
November 4  The International University established on the initiative of G. Bush, M. Gorbachev and B. Yeltsin holds an official presentation in Moscow as the first private educational institution to open in the USSR.
1991
November 19-21  U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Michail Gorbachev meet in Moscow, during which are signed:
General Agreement between the United States and USSR on Exchanges in the fields of science, technology, education, culture and other fields;
Cooperation and Exchange Program between the United States and the USSR for 1986-1988. 
1991
November 21  Heads of U.S. and Soviet TV companies sign an agreement on regular mutual exchange of TV programs.
1991
December 9  President of the Russian Republic B. Yeltsin informs U.S. President G.H.W. Bush that leaders of Belarus, Ukraine and Russian Republic signed an agreement which establishes the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
1992
February 1  Negotiations between U.S. President G.H.W. Bush and Russian President B. Yeltsin are held in Camp David, where a declaration announcing a new level of American-Russian relations is adopted. The end of the Cold War is declared officially for the first time.
1992
February  U.S. Department of Agriculture and Russian Humanitarian Assistance Agency negotiate donation of 816,000 tons of food aid to Russia. At U.S. insistence, the food aid is auctioned and marketed through Russian domestic commercial channels in an effort to stimulate private entrepreneurship.
1992
April 16  The U.S. Export-Import Bank and the Russian Bank for Foreign Trade sign the first in the history of American-Russian relations an agreement providing government support for the export of goods and services from the United States to Russia.
1992
May 23  The Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan sign with the United States a Protocol to the START I Treaty signed earlier between the United States and the USSR, uder which those four above listed countries assume the obligations of the former USSR. The Protocol also obligates Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Ukraine to join the Non-Proliferation Treaty as non-nuclear nations.
1992
June 15-19  Russian President Boris Yeltsin visits the United States and meets U.S. President G.H.W. Bush in Washington, during which are signed:
Charter for American-Russian Partnership and Friendship;
Investment Incentives and Protection Treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation;
Income and Capital Gains Double Taxation Avoidance and Evasion Treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation;
Peaceful Space Exploration and Exploitation Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the Russian Federation;
Fuel and Energy Technical Assistance Cooperation Agreement between the United States and the Russian Federation;
Agreement on the Safe Transport, Storage, Destruction and Non-Proliferation of Weapons between the United States and the Russian Federation
Memorandum of Understanding of Open Land between the United States and Russia;
Memorandum of Understanding between the governments of the United States and the Russian Federation on Air Navigation, Airspace and Air Traffic Control;
Memorandum of Understanding between the governments of the United States and the Russian Federation on Settling Problems in Relation to New Embassy Buildings in Washington and Moscow;
Memorandum of Large-Scale Strategic Weapons Reductions;
American-Russian Joint Statement on the Bilateral Relationship;
American-Russian Joint Statement on the Global Defense System;
American-Russian Joint Statement on Defense Industry Conversion Cooperation;
American-Russian Joint Statement on Science and Technology;
American-Russian Joint Statement on Chemical Weapon Prohibition.
As a result of the achieved agreements during the meeting, the status of Russia was returned to the most favored in bilateral trade relations. 
1992
June 29  Office of the U.S. Democratic Party opens in Moscow.
1992
June 29  The first group of U.S. Peace Corps volunteers (about 100 people) goes to Russian cities of Saratov and Vladivostok.
1992
July  Program of Partnership between U.S. and Russian hospitals is initiated.
1992
September 22  U.S. Consulate General opens in Vladivostok.
1992
October 1  Nine-month U.S. moratorium on all nuclear testing enters into force.
1992
October 5  NASA and the Russian Outer Space Agency sign an executive cooperation agreement in the field of piloted space flights and exploration of Mars.
1992
October 24  The FREEDOM Support Act ("Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets"), which funds a series of U.S. programs that support free market and democratic reforms in Russia and other CIS nations, is implemented. The Nunn-Lugar Program, which provides U.S. support to Russia and other CIS nations to assist in the conversion and liquidation of weapons of mass destruction, is approved as an amendment to the Act.
1992
November  First Russian commercial rocket-carrier "Soyuz" is launched from the Russian cosmodrome Plesetsk under the program of the American-Russian joint project "Europe-America 500."
1992
December  First successful U.S.-Russian experiment using Russian submarine-based ballistic missiles for scientific purposes. The nuclear warhead was replaced with a scientific payload, including a device for producing Interferon under conditions of weightlessness.
1993
January 3  U.S. President G.H.W. Bush and President of Russia B. Yeltsin meet in Moscow and sign the START II Treaty.
1993
February 18  American-Russian inter-governmental agreement on the use of highly enriched uranium extracted from nuclear weapons is signed.
1993
April 2  Presentation of the International Scientific Foundation founded by American businessman George Soros to assist fundamental research in the countries of the former USSR takes place in Moscow.
1993
April 3-4  U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Vancouver. The Vancouver Declaration is signed on April 3.
1993
April  Joint American-Russian military maneuvers are carried out in Siberia - the first post-war example of the joint armed forces cooperation of the United States and Russia.
1993
May 21  The Hoover Institute for War, Revolution and Peace passes microcopies of 5 million pages of documents from its Russian holdings to the State Archives of the Russian Federation.
1993
June 4  The United States and Russia sign an agreement for concessional loans to finance delivery of $700 million of food to Russia. 
1993
June 19  A cooperation agreement between joint-stock company "United Energy System of Russia" and the Energy Association of the United States is signed in Moscow under the Program of Partnership in the field of energy.
1993
June 25  Joint Russian-American Freedom Exchange Program is announced to facilitate the exchange of businessmen between the two countries.
1993
July 10  U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin meet in Tokyo under the aegis of a G-7 Conference of the leaders of industrially developed countries.
1993
July 14  The Clinton Administration informs Congress about its intention to confine itself to the "narrow or traditional interpretation" of the ABM Treaty of 1972 thus renouncing the continuation of the deployment of the anti-ballistic missile defense system with space-based elements.
1993
July 16  U.S. enacts a new immigration law, significantly easing emigration of former Soviet weapons researchers to the United States to seek employment, in an effort to inhibit proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
1993
September 1-2  In accordance with the Vancouver Declaration, the American-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation (future Gore-Chernomyrdin, Gore-Kiriyenko Commission) is established during the visit of the Russian Prime Minister, V.S. Chernomyrdin, to the United States.
1993
September 1  Major principles of U.S. post-Cold War military strategy are made public by the U.S. Department of Defense.
1993
September 2  Russian-American Investments Fund is founded to facilitate American investment into the Russian economy, particularly into energy, manufacturing and export industries.
1993
September 17  Patriarch of All Russia Alexey II arrives in the United States to officially open festivities on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of Orthodox Christianity in America.
1993
September 20  U.S. Department of State announces that the United States and Russia initiate an international conference on economic support of a peaceful settlement process in the Near East.
1993
September 20  An American-Russian outer space consortium Lockheed-Khrunichev-Energy International signs the first commercial contract to use the missile-carrier "Proton" to launch American satellites into orbit.
1993
November 2  Security Council of the Russian Federation approves "Basic Principles of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation."
1993
November 12  A gold reserves report in Alaska and the north-east of Russia prepared jointly by American and Russian experts is made public for the first time.
1993
November 18  Conference with 150 CEOs of TV and radio companies of the United States and CIS countries opens in Atlanta, Georgia.
1993
December 13  U.S. President B. Clinton congratulates Russia on the first parliamentary elections in the spirit of genuine democracy and expresses his appreciation of the adoption of a new Constitution of Russia.
1993
December 15-16  Second session of the American-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation opens in Moscow. Annual sessions of the Commission continue until 2001.
1994
January 5  A direct telephone line connecting the offices of the U.S. Secretary of Defense and the Russian Minister of Defense is activated.
1994
January 12-15  U.S. President B. Clinton visits Russia and meets with Russian President B. Yeltsin. The following agreements are signed:
Air Communications Agreement between the United States and the Russian Federation;
Health Care and Biomedical Research Cooperation Agreement;
Cooperation Agreement on Human Health and Environment Radiation Research;
Joint Statement by the presidents of the United States and the Russian Federation on Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Means of Delivery;
American-Russian Joint Statement on Human Rights;
Joint Statement on Export Control and Policy in Regards to Transfer of Conventional Weapons and Technology;
American-Russian Statement on the Middle East;
Memorandum of Intent between the governments of the United States and the Russian Federation on Export Control Cooperation and also a final document of the Presidents' meeting - Moscow Declaration. 
1994
January 14  Presidents of the United States, Russia and the Ukraine sign a trilateral agreement according to which the Ukraine assumes the obligation to remove under certain conditions all its nuclear weapons from its territory to Russia and join the Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear power.
1994
January  American Trade Chamber is founded in Moscow.
1994
February 3  "Discovery" space shuttle is launched from Cape Canaveral with the first mixed American-Russian crew, which includes Russian cosmonaut Sergey Krikalev.
1994
March 9  Russian State Duma delegation visits the United States and is received by U.S. President B. Clinton and Vice-President Al Gore.
1994
March 14  U.S. President B. Clinton issues a statement extending a U.S. moratorium on nuclear testing until the end of September 1995.
1994
March 15-16  American-Russian conference on joint Russian defense conversion projects opens in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1994
March 22  Joint military maneuvers called "Arctic CAPEKS" with military experts participating from the United States, Canada and Russia begin in Alaska to establish regulations for resucue activities in Arctic zones.
1994
March 30  Industrial Coalition of the United States is founded to assist American companies to establish and develop business contacts with the Russian and CIS entrepreneurs.
1994
April 20  New sea route opens connecting Vladivostok with California.
1994
May 10  The largest exhibit in American-Russian history - "Technologies from Russia - 94" - opens in Washington. The most impressive Russian achievements in the fields of communications, electronics, space, defense, medicine, machine building, etc. are presented.
1994
May 30  In accordance with the Moscow Declaration signed by U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin in Moscow on January 14, 1994, the aiming of U.S. and Russian strategic nuclear weapons toward U.S. and Russian territories discontinues.
1994
June 22-23  In Washington the 3rd session of the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation takes place, during which a series inter-governmental documents are signed.
1994
June 23  NASA and Russian Cosmic Agency sign an agreement on Russia's participation in the exploration and exploitation of a permanent space station for civilian purposes.
1994
July 10  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Naples, Italy, at a conference for leaders of major industrially developed nations.
1994
September 2-10  First joint U.S.-Russian military command maneuvers aimed at working out cooperative efforts in securing peace were carried out on the Totsk testing grounds in the Volga military region.
1994
September 27-28  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Washington, during which are signed:
Joint Statement of the Presidents of the United States and the Russian Federation of Strategic Stability and Nuclear Safety;
Joint Statement of the President of the United States and the President of the Russian Federation "Partners for Economic Progress";
Joint Statement of the President of the United States and the President of the Russian Federation on Law Enforcement and Fighting Crime Cooperation;
Agreement between the governments of the United States and the Russian Federation on Joint Customs Cooperation;
American-Russian Joint Statement on the Arctic Environment. 
1995
February 6  U.S. spaceship Discovery and Russian spaceship "Mir" meet in outer space - the first contact of U.S. and Russian spaceships in outer space since the 1975 "Soyuz-Apollo" docking. 
1995
April 8  Memorial "Spirit of the Elbe" plaque in English and Russian is dedicated at the Arlington National Cemetery in Washington to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the meeting of American and Soviet soldiers on the Elba River.
1995
May 10  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Moscow to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Allied Victory over Germany in the Second World War. The Presidents of the United States and the Russian Federation adopt the following:
American-Russian Joint Statement on Economic Reform, Trade and Investment;
American-Russian Joint Statement on Transparency and Irreversibility of Nuclear Weapon Reduction;
American-Russian Joint Statement on Non-Proliferation;
Joint Statement on European Security;
Joint Statement on Development of a New International Export Control Regime;
Joint Statement Confirming Adherence of the United States and the Russian Federation to the ABM Treaty. 
1995
June 16-17  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Halifax, Canada, within the framework of a G-7 Summit.
1995
June 29  U.S. and Russian spaceships - the American "Atlantis" and Russian "Mir" space station - dock for the first time in 20 years.
1995
October 23  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Hyde Park, New York.
1995
October 27  American-Russian "Peacemaker - 95" maneuvers start on the Fort Reilly American Army base.
1996
January 26  The Senate ratifies the START 2 Treaty.
1996
March 13  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Sharm al Sheikh, Egypt.
1996
April 19-21  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Moscow during the G-8 Summit.
1996
April  First stage of research and development of a project planning to construct a transcontinental America-Siberia railroad and a tunnel under the Bering Straits is completed with over 50 participating American and Russian organizations.
1996
June 3-7  First American-Russian maneuvers on tactical anti-missile defense are carried out on the National testing grounds in Falcon airbase, Colorado.
1996
July 15-16  In Moscow the 7th session of the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation takes place and a series of inter-governmental documents are signed. Vice President Al Gore and Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announce the establishment of the U.S.-Russian Forum on Capital Markets.
1996
September 23  Joint American-Russian Declaration on the Problem of Delimitating strategic and non-strategic ABMs is signed in Washington.
1996
November  First English-Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary "Americana" is published in Russia.
1997
January 9-12  American-Russian Symposium "Financial and Investment Opportunities in Russia" opens in Boston with participation from U.S. and Russian officials as well as leaders from major businesses, commercial and investment banks.
1997
February 6-8  In the United States, a series inter-governmental documents are signed during the 8th session of the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation.
1997
March 21  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Helsinki, Finland, and sign:
American-Russian Joint Statement on European Security;
Joint Statement on Future Nuclear Weapon Reduction Parameters;
Joint Statement of the Presidents of the United States and the Russian Federation on ABM Defense;
Joint Statement on Chemical Reductions;
American-Russian Economic Initiative Joint Statement. 
1997
May 27  Russian President B. Yeltsin is invited to participate in a 16-member NATO conference in Paris.
1997
June 20-22  G-8 leaders convene at a conference in Denver, Colorado, with Russia fully participating in a range of discussions covering all issues on the agenda. 
1997
July 1  U.S. President B. Clinton informs Congress about automatically extending Russia's most favored nation's status, which complies to the criteria of emigration freedom.
1997
July 28-29  American-Russian conference on the prospects of trade and investment opens in Los Angeles with the participation of American and Russian business leaders.
1996
September 22-24  In Moscow the 9th session of the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation takes place, during which a series of inter-governmental documents are signed. Vice President Al Gore and Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announce the establishment of the U.S.-Russian Forum on Capital Markets.
1997
September 26  Foreign Ministers of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Ukraine and U.S. Secretary of State sign in New York a Memorandum on the Legal Continuity of the 1972 ABM Treaty to strengthen the multi-lateral agreement format. Representatives from these countries also sign an Agreed Statement on Strategic and Non-Strategic ABM Systems Demarcation, Confidence-Building Measures Agreement and other documents. On that day the U.S. Secretary of State and the Foreign Minister of Russia signed a Protocol to an Agreement between the United States and Russia on Long-Term Strategic Offensive Weapons Reductions.
1997
October 21  In Washington, a conference on trade and investment called "American-Russian Business Summit 2001" opens, in which representatives of major American companies speak about practical problems of conducting business in Russia. 
1998
March 9-12  In the United States, the 10th session of the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation takes place, during which a series inter-governmental documents are signed.
1998
May 26  Construction of a floating cosmodrome within the joint U.S.-Russian-Ukrainian-Norwegian Sea Launch project is completed. The cosmodrome is located in the Pacific on the equator to the south of the Hawaiian Islands.
1998
July 23-24  In Moscow American-Russian commission on economic and technological cooperation working group co-chairs meet and review results of the commission's work since its inception in 1993 and discuss the future focus of its activities. 
1998
September 1-3  Russian President B. Yeltsin and U.S. President B. Clinton meet in Moscow and sign:
Joint Statement for the Exchange of Information on Missile Launches and Early Warning;
Joint Statement on the Protocol to the Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapon;
Joint Statement of Principles for Management and Disposition of Plutonium Designated as No Longer Required for Defense Purposes;
Joint Statement on the Situation in Kosovo;
Joint Statement on Common Security Challenges at the Threshold of the Twenty-First Century;
Joint Statement on Trade, Investment, and Technological Cooperation and NGO Contacts;
And other bilateral statements. 
1998
November-December  Construction of the International Space Station begins in accordance with the agreement between the NASA and the Russian Cosmic Agency.
1998
December 9-12  On a direct instructions from the President of the United States an official American delegation headed by First Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbot visits Moscow, where they meet with Russian Prime Minister E. Primakov and other Russian officials. They discuss economic problems, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms.
1999
March 17-18  The Senate and the House of Representatives approve an Act on deployment of the national ABM defense system. Russian Foreign Ministry condemnes the decision of Congress.
1999
June 20  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Koln, Germany, within the framework of a G-8 conference. Both Presidents agree to adhere to the earlier signed agreements on the limitation and reduction of arms. They also agree to continue discussions of the future START-3 Treaty.
1999
July 27  In Washington the American-Russian commission on economic and technological cooperation working group co-chairs meet. Satisfaction toward the commission's work is expressed and its significance to secure stability of American-Russian relations and assistance in developing applied cooperation to benefit both countries is confirmed.
1999
September 12  In Oakland, New Zealand, during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian Prime-Minister V. Putin meet to discuss reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, the ABM Treaty and bilateral economic relations.
1999
October 10  Under a joint U.S.-Russian-Norwegian-Ukrainian Sea Launch project, "Zenith" rocket carrier launches from the floating "Odyssey" platform and delivers American satellite Direct TV1-R into geostationary orbit 
1999
November 1  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President B. Yeltsin meet in Oslo, Norway, and discuss arms control as well as the U.S. decision to establish a limited national ABM defense system.
2000
April 14  State Duma of the Russian Federal Assembly ratifies the START-2 Treaty as well as a package of 1997 agreements dealing with aspects of ABM defense.
2000
April 21  Russian Security Council approves a new Soviet military doctrine.
2000
May 21  Piloted use of the International Space station by a joint American-Soviet crew begins. The crew includes Russian cosmonaut Y. Usachev.
2000
June 3-5  Russian President V. Putin and U.S. President B. Clinton meet in Moscow and sign:
Joint Statement by Presidents Clinton and Putin on Principles of Strategic Stability;
Memorandum of Agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on the Establishment of a Joint Center for the Exchange of Data from Early Warning Systems and Notifications of Missile Launches (JDEC MOA);
Joint Statement on Plutonium Disposal of 34 Tonnes Each of Plutonium Withdrawn from Nuclear Weapons Programs;
Joint Statement on Cooperation to Combat Global Warming. 
2000
September 6  U.S. President B. Clinton and Russian President V. Putin meet in New York during the Millennium Summit and confirm their adherence to the ABM Treaty as the "cornerstone of the strategic stability."
2000
October 30  Joint Soviet-American space crew, including American astronaut William (Bill) Shepard and Soviet cosmonauts S. Krikalev and Y. Gidzenko, docks with and begins joint exploitation of the International Space station built by the United States, Russia, the European Union and Japan.
2001
June 13  During a G-8 meeting in Genoa, Italy, U.S. President G. Bush and Russian President V. Putin meet, and an agreement is reached on ABM and START consultations to begin work.
2001
June 16  First meeting of the newly elected U.S. President George W. Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
2001
October 21  In Shanhai, China, U.S. President G. Bush and Russian President V. Putin meet during an annual Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.
2001
November 15-17  U.S. President G.W. Bush and Russian President V. Putin meet to mark the "venue of new relations for the 21st century" and confirm their resolution to overcome traces of the Cold War.
2001
December 13  The Bush Administration announces that the United States will abandon the ABM Treaty, which prohibits creating a national ABM defense system.
2002
May 23-26  U.S. President G.W. Bush and Russian President V. Putin meet in Moscow and sign Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions and Declaration on a New Strategic Relationship.
2002
June 14  Russia announces its decision to feel not bound by the terms of the START-2 Treaty in view of an official U.S. decision to withdrawel from the 1972 ABM Treaty.

http://www.usembassy.ru/links/print_history.php

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За кого голосовать бум? На выборах я имею ввиду?

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ВАШИНГТОН, 20 августа. Кандидат в президенты США от Демократической партии Барак Обама изменил тон риторики в отношении России. Так, сообщает «Глобалист», сенатор заявил, что действия России в Грузии будут иметь негативные последствия на положение России в международном сообществе.

«Россия должна знать, что ее действия будут иметь последствия: они затруднят соглашение по гражданской ядерной энергетике и скажутся на положении России в международном сообществе, в том числе на Совете Россия – НАТО и стремлении России участвовать в таких организациях, как ВТО (Всемирная торговая организация) и ОЭСР (Организация по экономическому сотрудничеству и развитию)», – заявил темнокожий сенатор во вторник.

Сенатор-демократ не только осудил «российскую агрессию», но и отверг любые оправдания для действий России в Южной Осетии.

Более того, Обама поддерживает прекрасные отношения с Джозефом Байденом, предложившим не отменять поправку Джексона-Вэника, ограничивающую торговлю с Россией. Обама вообще рассматривает его в качестве возможной кандидатуры в свои вице-президенты.

Кандидат от партии республиканцев Джон Маккейн также выступает за принятие достаточно жестких мер в отношении России. При этом Маккейн топчется на поле защиты интересов бывших стран советского блока, а Обама выступает за более действенные меры, которые может принять Конгресс. Но как поведут себя американские законодатели, скоро станет известно.

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Вот так отзываются о действиях РФ кандидаты в президенты США. Какие же отношения ждут наши страны в перспективе?..

Обама победил Маккейна благодаря "империи зла"
08 октября, 09:47 | Руслан МУСАЕВ

В США в г. Нэшвилле (шт. Теннесси) прошли вторые теледебаты в рамках предвыборной кампании кандидатов в президенты Джона Маккейна и Барака Обамы. Избиратели задавали вопросы обоим кандидатам из аудитории и через интернет-сайт. Вел дебаты журналист NВС Том Брокоу.

Главной темой этого мероприятия была, конечно, проблема финансового кризиса в США, которую Обама назвал "наихудшей со времен Великой депрессии". В остальном кандидаты касались преимущественно вопросов внешней политики, среди них - военные кампании в Афганистане и Ираке, борьба с мировым терроризмом, взаимоотношения России с США и со странами бывшего соцлагеря, особенно в контексте недавнего конфликта на Кавказе.

Слушая выступления двух оппонентов, можно было сделать вывод, что и Обама, и Маккейн заняли жесткую и непримиримую позицию в отношении российско-кавказского вопроса. Каждый из них старался как можно драматичнее описать, насколько пагубна политика России для "молодой демократии" стран СНГ. По словам Маккейна, "Москва должна быть наказана" за нападение на "хрупкую демократию Грузии", Барак Обама вообще определил внешнеполитические действия России "поведением зла", усматривая здесь "националистические импульсы".

"Я думаю, что мы можем иметь с ними дело, с русскими, но они должны понимать, что они сталкиваются с очень твердыми и решительными Соединенными Штатами Америки, которые защитят наши интересы и интересы других стран в мире", - заявил, в свою очередь, Маккейн. На вопрос Брокоу, является ли путинская Россия "империей зла", Маккейн ответил уклончиво, но добавил, что он в "глазах Путина видит КГБ" и знает, как давить на Россию, не разжигая холодной войны", например, со стороны "большой восьмерки".

Словно продолжая мысль оппонента, Обама выразил мнение о том, что уменьшение потребления энергоресурсов сократит количество нефтедолларов, которыми Россия "располагает для нанесения вреда всему миру". Помимо "молодой демократической" Грузии, США, по словам Обамы, готовы оказывать поддержку Украине как еще одному кандидату в НАТО, а также странам Прибалтики.

Кандидатам также задавались вопросы о безопасности Израиля, которую США, как сказал республиканец Маккейн, могут обеспечить, закрыв иранскую ядерную программу, о выводе войск из Ирака и о государственной политике в отношении Пакистана и Афганистана.

Сразу после окончания теледебатов был проведен социологический опрос. Американцы, следившие за борьбой двух кандидатов, вынесли свой вердикт: Обаму назвали победителем 40% населения США, и только 26% поддержали Маккейна. Таким образом, демократ Барак Обама второй раз побеждает своего соперника на дебатах, посвященных президентским выборам.

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«Америка готова к переменам, и выборы доказали, что жители нуждаются в них», - с такими словами Барак Обама обратился к своим избирателям.

В свою очередь, сенатор Маккейн признал свое поражение и поздравил Обаму с победой на выборах. Обаме удалось завоевать голоса избирателей во многих ключевых штатах и заручиться поддержкой большинства выборщиков.

Присяга нового президента перед Конгрессом и нацией состоится 20 января будущего года.

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Поздравим ОБАМА и мы! Надеемся он  будет мудрым правителем! Благослови его, Господи!

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